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The ESPA Content/Skill Outlines for Macro Statements 5.1 through 5.12 are as follows:
| Systems | Problem-Solving | History of Science | Uses of Technology | Select Tools | Mathematics Tools |
Structure of Organisms | Life Cycle | Variation | Properties | Motion | Energy | Earth | Earth-Moon-Sun | Ecology |

5.9.1.2.3 - MOTION (p. 17)

I. MACRO STATEMENT

DEMONSTRATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORCE AND MOTION.


II. KNOWLEDGE STATEMENTS

A STUDENT SHOULD KNOW THAT:

A. THE MOTION OF AN OBJECT CAN VARY IN SPEED AND DIRECTION.

  1. An object can be described by the place in space that it occupies. For example,
    1. Orientation: upside down, right side up, backward, forward
    2. Position in relation to another object: in front of, behind, above, below, inside, outside
    3. Speed: fast or slow
  2. Motion of an object can be affected by the surface of the object and the surface of the material the object touches (friction).

B. THE POSITION AND MOTION OF AN OBJECT CAN BE CHANGED BY PUSHING AND PULLING.

  1. Position of an object can be changed by an event in which the object is involved.
  2. An object can be pushed or pulled to cause the object to change its motion.
    1. The change in the motion of an object is in the direction of the push or pull exerted on the object.

C. THE CHANGE IN THE POSITION AND MOTION OF AN OBJECT IS RELATED TO THE STRENGTH
     OF THE FORCE.

  1. The push or pull (force) needed to cause a change in motion of an object depends upon the weight of the object. The heavier the object, the greater the push or pull needed to produce the same change in motion.
  2. The rougher the surface, the greater the push or pull needed to move an object on that surface.

D. SOME FORCES ARE INVISIBLE AND CAN ACT AT A DISTANCE.

  1. The earth's gravity pulls any object toward it without touching it.
  2. A magnetic force can push or pull certain objects without touching them.
  3. An electrical force (such as static electricity) can push or pull certain objects without touching them.

 III. SKILL STATEMENTS

A STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

  • Infer from observations and collected data, that some forces are invisible and can act at a distance.
  • Identify and use a reference point to note the changes in the position and the motion of an object.
  • Generalize, from observations, and recorded and analyzed data, that the motion of an object can vary in speed and direction.
  • Recognize, using observations and collected data, the cause and effect relationship that a push or a pull will have on an object.