A STUDENT SHOULD KNOW THAT:

A. MATTER HAS MANY OBSERVABLE (PHYSICAL) PROPERTIES, INCLUDING SIZE, WEIGHT, SHAPE, STATE, AND COLOR.

1. Properties of an object are determined by its materials and conditions.
   1. Some properties of an object are dependent upon the materials from which the object is made.
   2. Different kinds of materials have different properties. For example,
      1. Weight
      2. Color
      3. Texture
      4. Hardness
      5. Luster
      6. Reflectiveness (mirrors) to light, sound, and heat
      7. Transparency to light
      8. Sound when struck, plucked, or vibrated
2. Material can be divided into smaller parts or changed in shape without changing the total weight of the materials. For example,
   1. Shaping clay
   2. Crushing stone
   3. Cutting wood

B. OBJECTS HAVE PROPERTIES DETERMINED BY THE FORMS, AMOUNTS, AND PROPERTIES OF
     THE MATERIALS OF WHICH THEY ARE MADE.

1. Some properties of an object are determined by the form of the material of which it is composed.
   1. Properties of a material can be affected by its shape. For example,
      1. Buoyancy of aluminum foil shaped like a boat
      2. Structural strength of pleated aluminum foil or paper
      3. Rate of evaporation of a liquid spread over a large area
      4. Rate at which a solid moves through air or water; for example, a lump of clay can be shaped as a ball, cylinder or disc
2. An object can be described by the place in space that it occupies. For example,
   1. Distance from other objects, such as between two desks, home and school, or parked cars
   2. Location in reference to other objects
   3. Orientation: upside down, right side up, backward, forward
   4. Position in relation to another object: in front of, behind, above, below, inside, outside

C. MATTER CAN BE MADE OF ONE OR MORE MATERIALS.

1. An object composed of two or more different materials that have been mixed may have some properties like each of the original materials and some new properties. For example,
   1. Green water color formed from the mixture of yellow and blue water colors
   2. Sugar water formed from sugar cube and water
   3. Whipped cream formed from cream, sugar, vanilla, and air

D. MATTER AS IT IS FAMILIAR TO US CAN EXIST AS A SOLID, A LIQUID, OR A GAS.

E. STATES OF MATTER CAN BE CHANGED BY HEATING AND COOLING.

1. Objects interact with heat.
   1. Heating can make objects warmer. Removing heat can make objects cooler.
   2. Adding heat to a material can form liquids or gases from solids and form gases from liquids. Examples include:
      1. Solids to liquids: melting ice
      2. Liquids to gases: boiling water
   3. Removing heat from a material can form liquids or solids from gases and form solids from liquids. Examples can include:
      1. Gases to solids: formation of frost or snow
      2. Gases to liquids: condensation of water droplets on a cold surface
      3. Liquids to solids: freezing water to form ice

III. SKILL STATEMENTS

A STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

• Observe, describe, and sort objects according to their physical properties and the materials from which they are made.
• Compare and contrast the physical properties of objects.
• Recognize the cause and effect relationship of heating and cooling to changes in state.