DEMONSTRATE AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE VARIOUS FORMS OF ENERGY INCLUDING THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS AND INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER.

A STUDENT SHOULD KNOW THAT:

A. ENERGY EXISTS IN VARIOUS FORMS E.G., HEAT, LIGHT, SOUND, MECHANICAL,
     ELECTRICAL, CHEMICAL, NUCLEAR. ENERGY CANNOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED,
     BUT CAN BE CHANGED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER.

1. Energy transformations occur without loss or gain in total energy.  In most energy transformations, some of the energy is transformed to heat.

B. HEAT CAN BE TRANSFERRED BY THE COLLISION OF ATOMS (CONDUCTION AND
     CONVECTION) AND RADIATION.

1. Conduction of heat energy occurs as a result of the collision between atoms and/or molecules.
2. Convection is the transfer of heat energy by the movement of molecules within liquids and gases.
3. Heat energy can be transferred across space by radiation.

C. LIGHT INTERACTS WITH MATTER BY BEING REFLECTED, REFRACTED OR ABSORBED.

1. Reflection occurs when light strikes the surface at an angle bouncing off at an equal angle.
2. Refraction occurs when light passing through a medium at an angle comes in contact with another medium of different density causing the light to be bent or moved in a different direction.
3. Absorption occurs when light strikes a medium and is taken into that medium.

D. THE SUN IS THE MAJOR SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR THE EARTH. THE SUN 'S ENERGY ARRIVES
     AS LIGHT WITH A RANGE OF WAVELENGTHS, INCLUDING VISIBLE LIGHT, INFRARED AND 
     ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION.

E. LIGHT FROM THE SUN IS MADE UP OF A MIXTURE OF DIFFERENT COLORS OF LIGHT EVEN
    THOUGH TO THE EYE THE LIGHT LOOKS ALMOST WHITE.  THE LIGHT THAT AN OBJECT
    REFLECTS DETERMINES ITS COLOR.

1. The visible light spectrum includes the colors red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet.
2. A colored object reflects some visible wavelengths.  An object hat reflects all the wavelengths looks white while an object that reflects none of the wavelengths looks black.

F. VIBRATIONS MAY TRANSFER ENERGY THROUGH A MEDIUM AS A WAVE, E.G., SOUND, 
    EARTHQUAKES.

1. Vibrations in materials set up wavelike disturbances that spread away from the source.  Waves move at different speeds in different materials.
2. Some forms of energy require a medium to transfer from one place to another and some do not.

TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPTS OUTLINED ABOVE, A STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

• Predict what would happen if the amount of the sun 's energy reaching the earth were changed.
• Design an experiment to demonstrate refraction, reflection, and/or absorption.
• Illustrate that white light is a combination of colors.
• Identify, given a description of a system, the form that energy takes at different points in the system. (Examples: In a flashlight bulb, chemical energy in a battery changes to electrical energy, electrical energy changes to heat in he filament, and some of the heat changes to light; in an explosion, chemical energy in a match and mechanical energy in one 's hand change to heat and light energy, heat energy causes chemical energy to be released, and released chemical energy changes to light and sound.)
• Distinguish, using a diagram, among three types of heat transfer (convection, conduction and radiation).
• Show how vibrations in materials can generate waves that can transfer energy from one place to another.