A. The World in Spatial Terms

1. Use physical and political maps to identify locations and spatial relationships of places within local and nearby communities.
2. Describe and demonstrate different ways to measure distance (e.g., miles, kilometers, time).
3. Estimate distances between two places on a map using a scale of miles.
4. Identify the major cities of New Jersey, the United States, and the world.
5. Identify the major countries, continents, bodies of water, and mountain ranges of the world.
6. Locate time zones, latitude, longitude, and the global grid.

B. Places and Regions

1. Identify the physical and human characteristics of places and regions in New Jersey and the United States (e.g., landforms, climate, vegetation, housing).
2. Explain changes in places and regions over time and the consequences of those changes.
3. Describe the geography of New Jersey.
4. Discuss factors involved in the development of cities (e.g., transportation, food, marketplace, religion, military protection).

C. Physical Systems

1. Describe the basic components of the Earth's physical systems, including landforms, water, erosion, weather, and climate and discuss their impact on human development.

D. Human Systems

1. Describe the development of transportation and communication networks in New Jersey and the United States.
2. Identify the distribution and characteristics of populations for different regions of New Jersey and the United States.

E. Environment and Society

1. Differentiate between living and non-living natural resources.
2. Explain the nature, characteristics, and distribution of renewable and non-renewable resources.